Thus, the development and maintenance of pathological gambling seems to be conditioned by the interaction of a person and a gambling activity, in a particular context. We identify three major types of risk factors implicated in gambling problems: some of them are related to the subject (individual factors), others are related to the object of the addiction, here the gambling activity by itself (structural factors), and the last are related to environment (contextual or situational factors). Some publications from more recent literature have also been added, mostly about Internet gambling. The selection of these 47 publications was based on the guide on literature analysis established by the French National Agency for Accreditation and Assessment in Health (ANAES, 2000). Only 47 of them were taken into account for analysis. Seventy-two articles focusing on risk factors for pathological gambling were considered in this review. ![]() This documentary basis was collected by Inserm for the collective expert report procedure on Gambling (contexts and addictions). ![]() This paper briefly describes the major risk factors for pathological gambling by examining the recent published literature available during the first quarter of 2008. In this context, there is a need for better understanding of the risk factors that are implicated in the development and maintenance of pathological gambling. With the spread of legalised gambling, pathological gambling rates may increase in France in the next years, in response to more widely available and more attractive gambling opportunities. However, gambling practices may continue to escalate in France in the next few years, particularly with the recent announce of the legalisation of online games and sports betting. In spite of this important increase, the level remains lower than the European average (1%). ![]() This represents approximately 134 Euros per year and per head. In 2004, gamblers lost approximately 0.9% of household income, compared to 0.4% in 1960. In France, consumption of gambling games increased by 148% between 19.
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